Struggle for Economic Justice by women in Australia Essay Example for Free

Struggle for Economic Justice by women in Australia Essay This is a term that has been used in reference to movements that have had the aim of politics, culture as well as economy. These movements have the motive of superior rights as well as chance of participation in matters of the society for women and girls within the region in target. These are rights and chances of participation that are aimed at making sure that those of the female gender share a rather equal platform in various fields of life as with their male counterparts (Ellen, 2007). These fields include legal protection, politics, businesses, scholarships as well as the recognition and eventual building of a culture and power for women. These movements have been sparked by the fact that since traditional times the position of the woman in the society has been in the house where she is expected to raise the family. This is the bond of contention that feminist movements disagree with and are fighting to change. Most people view feminism being controversial based on the fact that it has challenged the values held by tradition. This has highly been witnessed in the political scenes where women never had a chance but have fought their way through (Gilligan, 1977). Feminism in Australia Feminism can be considered to have revolved on the basis of the fact that the history of feminism can be divided into three based on the reforms that each group was pushing for during its time. The second wave of the movements which run between 1960 to the 1980’s was much concerned with inequality that women faced in the face of the law as well as culture. This was a vital time frame for the feminist movement based on the fact they were fighting against something that they had lived with and had been seen as part of life. The third wave in the groping of the feminist movements reigned as from the 1980’s to the early 2000’s. This wave might not have a distinct task that it can be linked with but can rather be viewed as a continuation of the second wave and might as well be viewed as a response to the failure that the other waves might have made (Anita Dorota, 1998). Feminism in Australia as from the 1980’s can be deemed as radical based on the fact that it has focused on a eliminating a system of power that arises from the theory of patriarchy. In their view, this has been used to organize the society such that it is more complex of relationships on the basis of an assumption of male supremacy that has been used as a tool to oppress women. This radical movement has had the intention of challenging and overthrowing the patriarchy. This has been by means of opposing standard gender roles, opposition of the oppression of women as well as making calls that perpetuate a reordering of the society which is expected to be radical. In the onset of the radical feminist the movement at the time viewed patriarchy as a phenomenon that was transhistorical and deeper as compared to other sources of oppression towards women. In this case it was viewed as an old universal source of oppression that acted as the model for the structure of other forms. Within a near future the group witnessed a change in their politics over a range of cultural feminism to more vibrant politics that brought about issues of class as well as economics to a level that was at par with patriarchy as sources of women’s oppression (Alcoff, 1998). In Australia in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the radical feminist movements took part in a number of squats with their underlying aim being the establishment of a range of women’s centres. Time was dawning and by mid 1980’s many of the consciousness riding groups that had formed the original movement had dissolved. This was in a systematic way as they got associated in universities that were loosely organized. This paved way to modern feminism which can be witnessed in a more precise way with student activism as well as with women who form the working class population of the nation. Over the period in the 1980’s, the government of Australia came up in support of feminism. This was expressed through funds that that the government offered to the feminist social organization of which most accepted. This was an aid that did not last for long based on the fact the election that preceded this event resulted in the election of a new government that abolished the fund (Reina Sara, 2003). Feminism, after the year 1980 has faced many obstacles some of which are as a result of its achievements. These include the rights of the woman to work which was seen as a means of economically empowering the women (Ellen, 2007). The idea was brilliant based on the fact that it has economically empowered the woman but has as well created a burden for the women. This is based on the fact that the job opportunities have created added responsibility to the women bearing in mind the role that they play in the homes. Though feminism might have made a significant growth in Australia the benefits of the growth can not be said to have been equally distributed between the women. This is in line with the Aboriginal women who form part of Australia’s indigenous population. This is a population that can not be said to share the light of the developments made in the country based on the fact their livelihood depends on survival. The Aboriginal women who form part of this population suffer great violence, proportions that have been said to violate human rights. This is a situation that has been created by factors of race, gender, post-colonial effects, unequal access to resources of the society as well as the unequal development of the community. Indications from both social and economic perspective prove that Aborigines are most disadvantaged in Australia while their women fare worst. The violence against these women is an indication that feminism has not yet accomplished its aim of eradicating women oppression in the country. Though we might say that the movement has had significant achievements this has been in varied areas and especially the urban centers where the movement has been able to draw its message. The case with the women of Aboriginal is an indication that the economic battle that feminism is fighting has not yet been accomplished (Heather Jackie, 1998). The Equal Pay Act of 1970 The equal pay act of 1970 was made with the purpose of addressing the inequality that existed between men and women over their pay. This was prompted by the fact that the women through feminist movement had resented over the poor pay that they earned at their work places. This was despite the fact that in most cases the women worked more that the men did. This was an issue that needed urgent address leading to the formulation of the act. The act might have been made but the country has not yet fully witnessed the success of this act. This is based on the fact that women in Australia still earn less than men in the region. This is despite the fact that the act was made in which women were expected to be paid equal amounts when they did the same job. However, the act stipulated instances when the pay might not be equaled based on the fact one employee might have higher credential than the other thus the imbalance in the pay rates. Despite this aspect of the act the pay towards women has been poor as compared to that of men with the difference between today and in the eighties being that the pay has been raised (Socialistworld. net, 2007). The underlying factor is the fact that despite the fact that the act was made it did not meet its intended target. From a point of view this can be seen a way through which the oppression of women continues even in today’s society based on the fact that women are viewed as inferior to men. The act can not be ignored on the basis that the pay has not been equalized but is to be applauded based on the fact that it had a significant impact in leading the pay of women to where they are today (Coote Beatrix, 1987). Though it may not be the target that was intended half a loaf is better than none. The economic progress that feminism wished to realize has not yet been achieved and the journey to its realization has as well proved hard. This can be attributed to the traditional aspect that never gave opportunity to women. These are the opportunities that women through the feminist movement are seeking to earn but it has proved difficult based on the fact that people are not yet ready to abandon this culture and offer women the demands that they are making. Conclusion Feminism is a movement that has aimed to advocate for equal treatment of women in all aspect of the society in the same way as men. This has been a battle based on the fact that the inferiority aspect of women originates from tradition which has proved hard to eradicate completely. The movement has had significant success in the uplifting of the economy of women though these are fruits that have been witnessed in the urban centers. This is a major limitation of the movement based on the fact women in the rural areas continue to suffer with little attempt being made to liberate them. The journey of the movement over the years has not been smooth based on the fact that the movement has encountered denial in its operations that have proved the women liberation task an uphill one. The success that the movement has achieved needs to be moved to the rural areas as well for the movement to have full achieved its goal. The economic liberation of women has witnessed significant success though more needs to be done. This is in account of the fact that women are still being oppressed economically.

Good Sites For King Arthur :: Web Internet Essays

Good Sites For King Arthur The key to finding useful information on the Web is to know which websites are the most useful and informative. The best services that offer information on the King Arthur legends are "King Arthur" at http://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html, "Explorations in the History and Legends of Arthur" at http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/kingartur.html , and "The Camelot Project" at http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm. These websites are among the best. They offer biographies on the Arthurian characters, full texts on some of the legends and information analyzing the characters of Arthur from historical and legendary points of view. The "King Arthur" page at http:// www.britannia.com/history/h12.html, is a good source to discover some truths about Arthur and his existence. The site asks: was Arthur a king, a general or just a myth? In addition to historical information about the fifth century, the site includes, in the Arthurian chronology, information about the legends of Arthur that has developed in literature that has been written through the years. It also includes biographies of characters in the Arthurian legends. In addition, this site offers links to outside sources about King Arthur and his legends. One such link is the "Explorations in the History and Legends of Arthur" at http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/kingarthur.html, which is one of the best sources on Arthur because it explores both the popular and scholarly conceptions of King Arthur and his legends. For example, it answers frequently asked questions in historical and legendary contexts. Some of the questions that is asks are: was Guinevere really an adulteress? Was Excalibur, a sword, really in the stone? Was Gawain a great knight or a royal pain? It is very informative about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight offering a full text and a character analysis of Gawain. Lastly, it offers biographies on every single character in the Arthurian history and legends under the links called â€Å"The People of the History† and â€Å"The People of the Legends.† Another source of exceptional information about Arthurian Legends is "The Camelot Project" at http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm, which is a comprehensive reference site offering original texts, images, bibliographies and basic information. The Main Menu lists Arthurian characters, symbols, and sites. Students may move from any of the highlighted elements to a sub-menu of basic information, complete texts, images, and a bibliography about that subject. For example, choosing the highlighted word â€Å"Gawain† will lead the viewer to a list of texts written about Sir Gawain such as: "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle," Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and many more.

Should the Government Regulate Our Health

Should The Government Regulate Our Health? Posted: 01/29/10 10:58 AM ET Get Healthy Living Alerts Sign Up Submit this story I was in my late 20's when I walked into a dialysis clinic for the first time. The interior of the waiting area was worn, with beige paint peeling off of the walls. As I waited awkwardly to find out where my patient was my attention was drawn to a sign that read, â€Å"Did you know that [a popular fast food sandwich] contains 1020 milligrams of sodium? † Salt can be bad. But it sure tastes good.Ask the millions of Americans who consume large amounts of salt in their diet, much of it from processed foods. Sodium consumption in excess is linked with a number of health problems, including high blood pressure, kidney disease and various forms of heart disease. New Yorkers have recently learned about the detriments of salt. Mayor Bloomberg has launched an initiative to reduce the amount of sodium that people get from restaurant chains and food producers by ask ing them to voluntarily cut the amount of this now ill-thought of mineral.When in New York City a couple of weeks ago, my husband and I could tell that restaurateurs are listening to Bloomberg. When eating out, we noticed that our food was, well, less tasty. But maybe it is worth it. A recent New York Times article, which summarized findings from The New England Journal of Medicine, suggested that if Americans reduced salt intake by a half a teaspoon a day the nation would save 24 billion in health care costs. In the current political climate, many of us are acutely aware of issues related to the rising costs of health care.But is government intervention the best way to proceed? Although a government middleman might be a good option, I wonder why we aren't putting more pressure on physicians to counsel their patients on dietary strategies to reduce sodium intake. Research suggests that American physicians are less likely than their European counterparts to discuss behavioral interve ntions with patients and are more likely to rely on the prescribing of medications. Regarding diet and hypertension, a recent study suggests that physicians offer little counseling on how to lower blood pressure numbers through lifestyle changes.Not only do discussions regarding health behaviors result in patient satisfaction, such discussions comprise the inherent values of doctor-patient relationships. We seek medical care not only for lab results and prescription refills; we look to our doctors for advice and support. However, in a day and age in which technology and insurance mandates are interlopers in the patient-physician dyad, we have lost the personal connections and source of wisdom that people often crave.In fact, the relationship between many of us and our physicians is dysfunctional. Doctors are overwhelmed and receive less respect than ever before in the history of modern medicine. As patients, we have submitted ourselves to the less personal nature of medical encounte rs. Maybe if we demand additional support from physicians (and advocate for additional backing of our doctors regarding the freedom to make medical decisions and limiting intrusion by managed care companies) we can get what we need in order to change our behaviors.Of course, we are all ultimately responsible in how we choose to care for our bodies. But maybe if we can learn to trust our physicians again (and they work to earn that trust), we don't have to reduce healthcare issues and healthcare costs in this country to something like eating salt. Greenburg, T. (2010, Jan 29). www. huffingtonpost. com. Retrieved from http:// www. huffingtonpost. com/tamara-mcclintock-greenberg/should-the-government-reg_b_441493. html (Greenburg, 2010)

Managing Financial Resources And Decisions For Different Types Of Businesses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2705 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Table of Contents Introduction..3 Discuss the main financial statements (AC4.1)..3 Compare appropriate formats of financial statements for different businesses (AC4.2)..6 Interpret financial statements using ratios (AC4.3)..8 Conclusion.. ..12 Bibliography. 13 Appendix.14 Introduction Financial Statements shows an official record of the monetary activities of a business (Butler, 1993). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Financial Resources And Decisions For Different Types Of Businesses" essay for you Create order These are written reports that compute the monetary strength, performance and liquidity of a business. It reflects the financial impacts of a business transactions and events on the business. Financial statements are prepared using the concept of Double entry bookkeeping. The equation is: Assets= Liabilities + Equity For the accounts to remain in balance, a change in one account must be matched with a change in another account. These changes are made by debits and credits in the accounts. Discuss the main financial statements (AC4.1) The following are the main financial statement: Balance sheet Balance Sheet displays the fiscal position of a company at a given date (Khan Jain, 2007). Balance sheet has three main elements: Assets: Something a business claims or controls (e.g. Cash, stock, land and building, and so forth) Liabilities: Something a business owes to somebody (e.g. lenders, bank credits, and so on). Equity: It is what a company owes to its ho lders. It is the difference between assets and liabilities. It shows what a company has left after paying off its liabilities. Profit and loss Statement It represents a companys profit or loss over a period of time. It has the accompanying two components: Income: What the business has earned over a period (e.g. deals income, profit wage, and so on) (Khan Jain, 2007). Expense: The expense caused by the business over a period (e.g. pay rates and wages, devaluation, rental charges, and so forth) Net profit is calculated by deducting costs from sales/revenue. Cash Flow Statement It displays the movement of cash over a certain period of time. This movement is grouped into the accompanying fragments: Operating Activities: Represents the money stream from normal activities of a business. Investing Activities: Represents money stream from buying or sales of assets other than inventories (e.g. buying a manufacturing plant). Financing Activities: Represents mon ey stream generated or used on raising and reimbursing share capital and debt together with the payments of interests and dividends. Statement of Changes in Equity It details movements in the holders equity over a fiscal year (Troy, 2009). It is deduced from the accompanying segments: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Net Profit or loss throughout the period as reported in the profit and loss statement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Share capital issued or reimbursed throughout the period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Dividend payments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Gains or losses perceived straightforwardly in equity (e.g. revaluation surpluses) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Effects of rectification of accounting errors. Link between Financial Statements The following diagram summarizes the link between financial statements. Compare appropriate formats of financial statements for different businesses (AC4.2) The four fundamental formats for trading as a profit making organisation in UK are sole traders, partnership, priva te limited company and public limited company. Sole Trader A sole trader is a sole owner of the business. The sole trader is not a separate entity from the business which means if the business gets bankrupt; the sole trader will need to pay off any debts. There is no formal requirement to register the sole traderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business but he/she needs to register with the Inland Revenue and Customs and excise for tax purposes. A sole trader can prepare their own accounts. He/she can do so under the self assessment scheme. Partnership It is somewhat similar to sole trader except that there are more than one person involved in a partnership. Usually a partnership can be made from 2 to 20 individuals. Each partner is responsible for the actions of others. The liability is unlimited which means if the business go bankrupt, they will need to pay off the debts from their pockets. Each partner is taxed individually via self assessment route. A partnership may or may not audit its accounts from a professional firm or an accountant. Private Limited company These are normally family run business. Privately owned businesses may issue stock and have shareholders. Notwithstanding, their shares dont exchange on open market. Shareholders will most likely be unable to offer their shares without the understanding of other shareholders. Advantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢limited Liability: It implies that if the organization experience budgetary misery in view of typical business movement, the particular holdings of shareholders wont be at danger of being seized by creditors (Butler, 1993). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Continuity of presence: business not influenced by the status of the owner. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Minimum number of shareholders need to begin the business are only2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢More capital could be raised as the maximum number of shareholders permitted is 50. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Scope of development is higher in light of the fact that ità ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s simple to raise capital from financial organizations and advantage of limited liability. Disadvantages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Growth may be constrained in light of the fact that maximum shareholders permitted are just 50. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The shares in a private limited organization cant be sold or exchanged to any other person without the agreement of other shareholders. The accounts of private limited companies must be prepared by an external accountant in certain circumstances, for example large companies. The accounts need to be submitted to Companies House every year. The accounts for limited companies are normally simpler and often prepared by anyone in the company. Public Limited company Most facts between private and public companies are same. Public companies are usually bigger in size. There must be an authorised share issue of at least  £50,000 of which  £12,500 must be fully paid. Shares can be traded on stock exchange. An external q ualified accountant needs to prepare the accounts and must be submitted to Companies House every year. There are requirements regarding the format of the accounts. The balance sheet must be prepared either using vertical or horizontal formats. The Profit and loss account could have four formats; two vertical and two horizontal. There is also requirement for showing the figures from previous fiscal years in the accounts. Once a business adopts any specific format, it needs to be adopted for the future to ensure consistency in accounts. Interpret financial statements using ratios (AC4.3) XYZ Ltd is hypothetical company with rivals ABC Ltd and DEF Ltd. The ratios cover a three year period (Jan 2010-Dec 2012) in order to show how XYZ Ltd is standing in terms of its competitors in the industry. XYZ Ltd is one of the largest energy companies in the world providing its customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemical products for everyday items. The financial ratios are categorised into following main areas: Profitability Ratio. Return on Investment Ratio. Liquidity Ratio. Long Term Financial Stability Ratio Efficiency Ratio 1) Profitability Ratio Armstrong (1999) Profitability ratio is a key financial indicator in order to analysis companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial position. It helps to identify whether the company is generating acceptable profit or not. Gross Profit Margin It shows how well a company is controlling its production costs. It is calculated as a ratio of gross profit to revenue a company is able to generate over its period of operation. It is a very good measure in order to analysis a company performance within the same industry. XYZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Gross profit margin is fairly stable over the last two years. Its 31.1% in 2012 compared to ABC Ltd which is 16.6%, although DEF Ltd has the highest gross profit margin among the lot which is 35.8%. XYZ has achieved this through tight control over its production department. The decrease in GPM compared to 2010 is due to the weakening of US natural gas prices. (Appendix 4). Net Profit Margin Armstrong (1999) it is calcu lated by dividing the net profit over the Sales generated in the year. XYZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Net profit margin was 13.3 % in 2010 while in 2012 its 11.1%. The decrease is due to the incident in a particular refinery in 2010 and because of that the company is making an expenditure of around $340 million as a restructuring cost. ABCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s net profit margin has also gone down from 14.8 % in 2010 to 14.2 % in 2012 while the ratio increased in case of DEF to an impressive figure of 22% in 2012. (Appendix4) 2) Return on Investment Ratio This ratio tells us whether a company is generating enough return on the investment. (Armstrong, 1999) Return on Equity ROE is an important ratio and it is used to identify the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to generate a profit over the investment of its shareholders. It is calculated as a ratio of companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s after tax profits to shareholder funds which also includes reserves. (Armstrong, 1999) XYZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROE in 2012 was 22.5 % which means that the company is able to generate 22c over a $ investment by the shareholders. But it has declined by 17.3% and 6.1 % compared to 2011 and 2010 respectively. It is due to the fact that the company has sold some of its fixed assets over which it suffered a loss also some of the impairment losses which significantly reduced its PAT figure. ABCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROE figure has decreased from 27.1% to 24.4% from 2010 to 2011. DEFà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s has fairly maintained its ROE and its moving around 31 %. (Appendix 5) 3) Liquidity Ratio These ratios measure a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capabilities to meet its short term obligations as and when they fall due. These ratios also assess how well a company is managing its working capital requirements. (Troy, 2009) Current ratio Troy (2009) a current ratio of 2 considered very well as it means that the company has doubled its liquid assets compared to its current liabilit ies to pay off. Ratio below 1 is considered quite risky as it poses a threat to the survival of the company and also the going concern status. As a rule of thumb a ratio of 1.5 considered as normal. The current ratio in case of XYZ was 1.03 in 2012 compared to 0.99 in 2011. It is due to the fact that the company has increased its cash and cash equivalent by an impressive 37.5% compared to 2011. In case of ABC its 1.2 in 2012 compared to 1.19 in 2011 which is higher than ABC. DEF has A ratio of 1.35 in 2012 (Appendix 6). Quick Ratio Troy (2009) Quick ratio is just an adjustment in current ratio in order to assess the business ability to meet its obligation with the readily available liquid assets. Stock is deducted from current assets because ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not considered to be readily convertible into cash. In case of XYZ, the quick ratio was 0.69 in 2012, compared to 0.74 and 0.78 in 2011 and 2010 respectively which means that the company is sitting on the ind ustry norm and if some of the creditors demand their money quickly, it poses a problem the company although some of the current liability like tax could be paid nine months after the end of the financial year. As far as ABC is concerned, there was also a gradual decrease from 0.91 in 2010 to 0.88 in 2012. In case of DEF, the quick ratio was highest which 0.96 is in 2012. (Appendix 6) 4) Long Term Financial Stability Ratio This ratio considers companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long term financial health in order to identify its ability to pay off its debts in relation to provider and holder and also if there are any loan covenants which could be enforced which in turn poses a threat to the survival of the business (Troy, 2009). Interest Cover It estimates the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to pay off interest over its borrowings. As a general rule, a cover over 3 considered as safe but it varies industry to industry. (Troy, 2009) XYZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Interest cover i n 2012 was 29.1 compared to 48.9 and 53 in 2011 and 2010 respectively. Although there was a decrease, it is fairly safe in order for a company to meet its obligations in the long run. (Appendix 7) 5) Efficiency Ratio It shows how well a company is utilizing its resources in order to generate good return. (Armstrong, 1999) Inventory Turnover This ratio indicates how quickly a company is able to sell its inventory. The more is the ratio, the more is the demand of the product. (Troy, 2009) XYZà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inventory turnover was 13.2 in 2012 compared to 10.1 and 12.1 in 2011 and 2012 respectively. It means that the products of XYZ are in high demand. ABC and DEF showed a reduced figure of 9.4 and 6.3 in 2007. (Appendix 8) Receivable Days It shows how quickly a company is able to convert its debtors into cash. This ratio is usually in days. (Troy, 2009) XYZ has shown impressive figures of 41, 43 and 50 days in 2012, 2011 and 2010 respectively. The decrease is due to the fact that the company has tight policies over its credit and there is a strong internal control system is in placed to ensure that debtors pay on time. In case of ABC, there was an increase in debtor days of 76 in 2012 compared to 68 in 2011. (Appendix 8) Conclusion XYZ Ltd has been able to show constantly great performance as far as financial and non-financial part of operation. However, the organization has been confronting with a few issues that are demonstrated by the financial ratios. This might be illuminated by enhancing the development programs, by investing into other markets, and even, having a partnership or alliance with other organizations in distinctive parts of the globe. This could be carried out by further focusing on sources of funds and by attracting more investors. With this, the organization can achieve diverse projects and strategies that will aid in order to prevent or at least, decrease the effect of financial issues towards the orga nization. It will be helpful if XYZ Ltd will proceed and even enhance its effort especially with respect to forecasting. This will encourage guaranteeing that the strategies and decisions to be implemented by the organization will be successful in helping the organization to survive the worldwide financial crisis and enhance its position in the global market. Bibliography Private limited company (2014). Available: https://www.dineshbakshi.com/igcse-business-studies/business-organisation/revision-notes/879-private-limited-companies. [Last accessed 24 May 2014] Financial statements (2014). Available: https://accounting-simplified.com/financial/statements/types.html. [Last accessed 24 May 2014] NetMBA. Financial Ratios (2013). Available: https://www.netmba.com/finance/financial/ratios/ [Accessed 24 May 2014]. Bates, B, Goodman, S Ladson, W, de Varies, C Botha, S (2005), Business Management: Fresh Perspective, Pearson South Africa Butler, R (1993). Strategic Invest ment Decisions: Theory, Practice and Processes, Taylor Francis. Khan Jain 2007, Financial Management, Tata McGraw-Hill. Gorma, T (2003), The Complete Idiotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Guide to MBA Basics, Alpha Books. Armstrong, M (1999), Financial Principles and Techniques. Price, A D F (1995), International Project Accounting, International Labor Organization. Troy, L (2009), Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios, CCH. Appendix Appendix 1 The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budgeted balance sheet is drawn as follows. XYZ Balance sheet 2012 2011 2010 $million $million $million Noncurrent assets Property Plant equipments 155,365 142,453 131,876 Current assets Trade receivables 33,012 32,460 33,565 Inventory 26,554 18,915 19,760 Cash and bank balance 19856 24,876 25,876 Total Current assets 80,202 75,339 75,290 Total assets 236,076 217,601 206,914 Share capital 158,845 142,249 115,987 Current liabilities Trade creditors 43,152 42,236 42,136 Total payables 77,231 75,352 71,497 Total equity and liability 236,076 217,601 206,914 Appendix 2 Income Statement 2012 2011 2010 $million $million $million Revenue 291,438 274,316 245,486 Cost of Sales 200,766 187,183 163,026 Gross Profit 90,672 87,133 82,460 Operating Expenses Production and Manufacturing 25,915 23,793 28,226 Distribution and Administration 15,371 14,417 10,776 Others 17,034 13,735 10,776 Operating Expenses 58,320 51,945 49,778 Net Profit (GP-OS) 32,352 35,188 32,682 Appendix 3 Operating Profit Per Annum ( Amount in $ Millions) 2012 2011 2010 Operating Profit in the Year 32,352 35,158 32,682 % Change Year by Year growth (7.9) 7.5 Appendix 4 Profitability Ratios ( Amount in $ Millions) Ratio 2012 2011 2010 Gross Profit Margin (GPM) 31.1% 31.7% 34.3% Gross Profit (Sales à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cost of Sales) 90,672 87,133 82,460 Sales Revenue 291,438 274,316 245,486 Net Profit Margin ( NPM) 11.1% 12.8% 13.3% Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT) 32,352 35,158 32,682 Sales Revenue 291,438 274,316 245,486 Appendix 5 Return On Investment Ratios ( Amount in $ Millions) Return On Equity (ROE) 22.5% 26.4% 28.0% Profit After Tax (PAT) 21,169 22,311 22,448 Ordinary Share Capital and Reserves 93,690 84,624 Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 20.3% 24.7% 24.1% Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT) 32,352 35,158 32,682 Capital Employed 158,845 142,249 Appendix 6 Liquidity Ratios ( Amount in $ Millions) Ratio 2012 2011 2010 Current Ratio 1.03 0.99 1.05 Current Assets 80,202 75,339 75,290 Current Liabilities 77,231 75,352 71,497 Quick Ratio 0.69 0.74 0.78 Current assets-Stock 53,648 56,424 55,530 Current liabilities 77,231 75,352 71,497 Appendix 7 Long Term Financial Stability Ratios (Amount in $ Millions) Ratio 2012 2011 2010 Interest Cover (Times) 29.1 48.9 53.0 Profit Before Interest and Tax (PAT) 32,352 35,158 32,682 Finance Cost 1,110 718 616 Appendix 8 Efficiency Ratios ( Amount in $ millions) Ratio 2012 2011 2010 Inventory Turnover 13.2 10.1 12.1 Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) 200,766 187,183 163,026 Inventory 26,554 18,915 19,760 Asset Turnover 1.23 1.26 1.18 Revenue 291,438 274,316 245,486 Total Asset 236,076 217,601 206,914 Receivable Turnover (Days) 41 43 50 Trade Receivables 33,012 32,460 33,565 Sales 291,438 274,316 245,486 Creditors payment period (Days) 78.1 82.3 94.3 Trade creditors 43,152 42,236 42,136 Average Purchases 200,766 187,183 163,026 Appendix 9 Investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Ratios ( Amount in $ Millions) Ratio 2012 2011 2010 Earnings Per Share (EPS) Basic 108.7c 109.8c 105.7c EPS Diluted 107.84 109.12 103.66 Appendix 10 COMPETITOR DATA 2012 2011 2010 Gross Profit Margin (GPM) ABC Ltd 16.6% 17.5% 17.6% DEF Ltd 35.8% 37.1% 39.9% Net Profit Margin (NPM) ABC Ltd 14.2% 14.3% 14.8% DEF Ltd 22% 18.1% 20.6% Return On Equity (ROE) ABC Ltd 24.4% 23% 27.1% DEF Ltd 31.0% 32.0% 31.1% Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) ABC Ltd 24.2% 29% 34% DEF Ltd 38.1% 39.3% 33.2% Current Ratio (Times) ABC Ltd 1.2 1.19 1.15 DEF Ltd 1.35 1.27 1.30 Quick ratio (Times) ABC Ltd 0.88 0.89 0.91 DEF Ltd 0.96 0.92 0.92 Interest Cover ABC Ltd 36.7 32.8 34.9 DEF Ltd 16.6 16.4 19.9 Inventory Turnover ABC Ltd 9.41 11.32 12.77 DEF Ltd 6.33 7.09 5.53 Asset Turnover ABC Ltd 1.32 1.35 1.39 DEF Ltd 1.2 1.26 1.10 Receivable turnover (Days) ABC Ltd 76 68 78 DEF Ltd 51 47 61 Creditors payment period(Days) ABC Ltd 93 87 81 DEF Ltd 53 54 57 Page 1 of 20